SCSI is the most widely used disk interface method going. There are only a couple of basic parameters that you or your SA can use to affect a change in the performance of the. Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) – another bus standard which uses the SCSI command set. As opposed to SCSI, however, with physical devices, serial cables are used instead of parallel ones, which simplifies physical device connections. In some ways, therefore, SAS is to SCSI what SATA is to IDE: it allows for more reliable and faster connections.
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Extend Virtual Disk
If the virtual disk is defined as dynamically allocated (Dynamically allocated differencing storage), the existing disk is extended using the VBoxManage modifyhd command. The approach is similar on Linux and Windows. The --resize option assumes a size is specified in megabytes. If you want to specify the size in bytes, use the --resizebytes option.
The examples below show how to resize a virtual disk to 40G on Linux and Windows.
If this command gives an error, saying the disk is already registered, use the UUID presented in the error in place of the file name, as shown below.
Create Virtual Disk
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Rather than extending an existing virtual disk, you can create a new virtual disk and associate it with the virtual machine to provide the extra space. The following text shows how this can be done in Linux and Windows.
When you start the virtual machine the disk will be visible to the OS. If you can't see it, you will need to force a rescan for SCSI devices. There are two methods to achieve this. The first involves echoing wildcards to the individual SCSI host(s).
The second involves echoing the value '1' to the SCSI device rescan file.
Within a few seconds the device should be visible to the Linux OS. If in doubt, reboot the VM.
Partition the New Space
Start the virtual machine and check the current file system sizes. We plan to add space to the root file system.
In this example, we are adding the extra space by extending the existing virtual disk. If we were adding the space using an extra disk, we would follow a similar approach, but we would partition the new disk (/dev/sdb) instead. Keep this in mind when any device paths are used in this example.
Check the new space is visible from the operating system.
Create a new partition using the remaining space on the disk. In this case, it was the 3rd partition on the disk, so the partition was created with the 'n, p, 3, (return), (return)' sequence of entries.
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Change the partition type to 'Linux LVM'. In this case, the sequence of entries was, 't, 3, 8e'.
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Write the changes to the partition table using the 'w' command.
Due to the final warning, the VM must be rebooted before you can continue.
If we had used a new virtual disk, rather than extending the existing one, we would not have needed to reboot after the partitioning step.
Add Partition to LVM
Add the new partition to the volume group. Create a physical volume from the '/dev/sda3' partition using the pvcreate command.
Add the physical volume to the existing volume group. Display the volume group name using the vgdisplay command, then use the volume group name and partition name with the vgextend command.
Use lvdisplay command to get the root logical volume name. Use the vgdisplay command to get the free space in the volume group. Use this information in the lvextend command to extend the logical volume.
If we had specified a size of 10G, we might have got an error message saying something like, 'could not extend by 2560 extents', due to a rounding error. In the above example, the size of 9.99G was used to allow it to fit, but a better alternative would be to specify the size using extents, using one less extent than the number reported in the error, as shown below. Thanks to Julian Dyke for suggesting the extents approach.
The lvextend command used the --resizefs option. If we had not used this, we would have to run the resize2fs command separately.
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In the comments Juan suggested the following command if you are using BTRFS.
Checking the size of the file systems reveals the root file system has grown by approximately 10G.
If you need more information about the Linux Logical Volume Manager (LVM), you can read about it here.
Resize Fixed Size Disks
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The VBoxManage modifyhd command doesn't work on fixed disks, so to get around this, simply clone the existing disk to a dynamically allocated disk, then resize that.
Once that is complete, use the new virtual disk for the virtual machine and perform the OS resize operations as before.
For more information see:
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Hope this helps. Regards Tim..
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This is an excerpt from the bestselling book Oracle Grid & Real Application Clusters. To get immediate access to the code depot of working RAC scripts, buy it directly from the publisher and save more than 30%. I/O Fencing ? exclusion strategy There will be some situations where the leftover write operations from failed database instances reach the storage system after the recovery process starts, such as when the cluster function failed on the nodes, but the nodes are still running at OS level. Since these write operations are no longer in the proper serial order, they can damage the consistency of the stored data. Therefore, when a cluster node fails, the failed node needs to be fenced off from all the shared disk devices or disk groups. This methodology is called I/O Fencing, sometimes called Disk Fencing or failure fencing. The main function of the I/O fencing includes preventing updates by failed instances, and detecting failure and preventing split brain in cluster. Cluster Volume Manager, in association with the shared storage unit, and Cluster File System play a significant role in preventing the failed nodes accessing shared devices. For example, in Sun Cluster, disk fencing is done through SCSI-2 reservation for dual hosted SCSI devices and for multi-hosted environment through SCSI-3 PR. Veritas Advance Cluster uses the SCSI-3 persistent reservation to perform I/O fencing. In the case of Linux clusters, CFS like Polyserve and Sistina GFS are able to perform I/O fencing by using different methods like fabric fencing that uses SAN access control mechanism. SCSI-3 PR SCSI-3 PR, which stands for Persistent Reservation, supports multiple nodes accessing a device while at the same time blocking access to other nodes. SCSI-3 PR reservations are persistent across SCSI bus resets or node reboots and also support multiple paths from host to disk. For SCSI-2 disks, reservations are not persistent which means they do not survive node reboots. SCSI-3 PR uses a concept of registration and reservation. Systems that participate, register a key with SCSI-3 device. Each system registers its own key. Then registered systems can establish a reservation. With this method, blocking write access is as simple as removing registration from a device. A system wishing to eject another system issues a pre-empt and abort command and that ejects another node. Once a node is ejected, it has no key registered so that it cannot eject others. This method effectively avoids the split-brain condition. Another benefit of the SCSI-3 PR method is that since a node registers the same key down each path, ejecting a single key blocks all I/O paths from that node. For example, SCSI-3 PR is implemented by EMC Symmetrix, Sun T3, and Hitachi Storage systems. In case of SCSI-2 reservation, it works only with one path with one host. Arbitration through Quorum Disks In case of SCSI-2 reservation, the Clusterware seeks to reserve a quorum disk to break the tie in cases of split cluster. A quorum disk is a nominated device in the shared storage connected to the relevant nodes. The reservation is enacted as a SCSI-2 ioctl. The node that is granted the reservation causes the second attempt to fail. The SCSI-2 reservation ioctl used is part of the SCSI-2 command set. This is commonly implemented in most modern disk firmware. However, the reservation call is neither persistent, or capable of surviving reboots, nor able to cope with multiple paths to the same device. A quorum disk must be defined for a two-node cluster. This arrangement enables any single node that obtains the vote of the quorum disk to maintain majority and continue as a viable cluster. Clusterware forces the loosing node out of the cluster.
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